美日安保條約全文:1951年起的安全保障條約

美日安保條約全文涵蓋戰後日本安全體系的核心脈絡,是理解美日同盟如何從占領陰影,走向互惠合作的重要依據,本文完整呈現1951年起的安全保障條約。

一、美日安保條約1951

美日安保條約1951 是戰後日本重新站上國際舞台的第一個安全架構,但這份條約仍深受占領時代影響,美國握有主導權,日本只能在旁配合。美軍得以自由使用基地,甚至不必事先徵求日本同意,讓許多人質疑主權是否真正回到日本手中。

在1951年的條約中,最具爭議的是美國並未承諾「協防日本」,卻能以維持東亞和平為名,在日本境內採取任何軍事行動。這種單邊且不對等的安排,使得日本社會長期累積不滿,也成為日後要求修訂條約的重要推力。

隨著冷戰局勢升溫,日本逐漸意識到自身需要更完整的安全保證。1951條約奠定了架構,但仍不足以支撐國家長期安全。也因此,到了1960年,日本在岸信介的主導下推動修訂,讓安保條約從佔領餘韻邁向真正互惠的同盟關係。

一、美日安保條約1951

二、舊美日安保條約

舊美日安保條約是戰後日本安全體系的起點,但理解它的最好方式,就是把它放到1960年新版安保一起比較。舊約偏向單邊主義,美國擁有壓倒性駐軍權限;新約則加入共同防禦、事前協商與主權尊重,透過對照,才能真正看清兩者的差異與歷史意義。

以下具體四個面向說明兩者之間的差異:

法律地位

1951年舊安保條約:戰後佔領餘波的制度化,美國擁有明顯單邊特權,是不對等的安全安排。

1960年新安保條約:調整為互惠性的合作架構,正式建立「共同防衛」為核心的同盟關係。

共同防禦義務

1951年舊安保條約:未包含互惠義務,美方無強制協防日本的明文規定。

1960年新安保條約:第五條明確寫入「共同防衛」,日本受到武力攻擊時,美國必須採取行動。

駐軍行動限制

1951年舊安保條約:美軍可在日本境內自由部署、行動,甚至介入內政,日本無否決權。

1960年新安保條約:美軍海外行動須「事前協商」,干涉內政條款刪除,日本主權獲重大提升。

有效期

1951年舊安保條約:未設期限,實質無固定年限。

1960年新安保條約:設10年最低期限,之後自動續約;若要終止,須提前一年正式通知。

二、舊美日安保條約

三、美日安保條約第五條

美日安保條約第五條是整份條約中最關鍵、也是最能代表兩國軍事同盟本質的核心條文。這份1960年新約條款奠定了美國對日本的正式防衛承諾,也規範了兩國在面對外部武力攻擊時的行動框架。要真正理解《美日安保條約》,就必須先理解第五條的設計與意義。

▌條約原始內容

締約國各方認知,對在日本國行政管轄下的領域任何一方發動的武力攻擊,都會危及自身的和平及安全,並且宣布將依照自身的憲法規定及程序,採取行動以應對共同的危險。

前述的武力攻擊及因其而採取的所有措施,應立即依照聯合國憲章第五十一條的規定,向聯合國安全理事會報告。該等措施於安全理事會已採取必要措施以恢復並維持國際和平及安全時,應停止。

Each Party recognizes that an armed attack against either Party in the territories under the administration of Japan would be dangerous to its own peace and safety and declares that it would act to meet the common danger in accordance with its constitutional provisions and processes. Any such armed attack and all measures taken as a result thereof shall be immediately reported to the Security Council of the United Nations in accordance with the provisions of Article 51 of the Charter. Such measures shall be terminated when the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to restore and maintain international peace and security.

各締約国は、日本国の施政の下にある領域における、いずれか一方に対する武力攻撃が、自国の平和及び安全を危うくするものであることを認め、自国の憲法上の規定及び手続に従つて共通の危険に対処するように行動することを宣言する。
 前記の武力攻撃及びその結果として執つたすべての措置は、国際連合憲章第五十一条の規定に従つて直ちに国際連合安全保障理事会に報告しなければならない。その措置は、安全保障理事会が国際の平和及び安全を回復し及び維持するために必要な措置を執つたときは、終止しなければならない。

▌第五條如何啟動?

第五條並不是抽象的宣示,而是明確設計了觸發條件。「日本國行政管轄下的領域」涵蓋四大主島與日本實際治理的所有區域,只要這些地方遭到武力攻擊,就足以啟動第五條。這條文將「保護日本領土」變成美日同盟的具體義務。

▌雙方互相承諾

第五條的文字看起來強而有力,但也經過精心鋪陳。「依照自身憲法規定及程序採取行動」意味著兩國都不會自動參戰,而是必須透過國內程序決定措施內容。對美國來說,這通常被視為軍事協防;對日本而言,由於和平憲法約束,行動傳統上集中在後勤支援與基地提供,而非代表美國進行武力行使。

▌國際法框架限制

第五條同時強調所有行動都必須符合《聯合國憲章》第五十一條所規範的「固有自衛權」。這要求雙方將行動向安理會報告,並在安理會有後續措施時停止。換句話說,美日兩國的防衛行動雖具有自主性,但仍置於國際法的限制與監督之下。

第五條之所以被視為美日同盟的心臟,就在於它把「日本安全」變成「美國也必須面對的危險」,也把美國的軍事承諾正式法律化,使兩國關係從戰後安排進化為真正的安全共同體。

三、美日安保條約第五條

四、美日安保條約英文

美日安保條約英文是研究二次世界大戰之後,如何逐步建立新秩序的重要文件。在此引用自日本外務省網站資料:Japan-U.S. Security Treaty,是想要正式瞭解條約內容的權威來源,完整如下:

Japan-U.S. Security Treaty

TREATY OF MUTUAL COOPERATION AND SECURITY BETWEEN JAPAN AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Japan and the United States of America,

Desiring to strengthen the bonds of peace and friendship traditionally existing between them, and to uphold the principles of democracy, individual liberty, and the rule of law,

Desiring further to encourage closer economic cooperation between them and to promote conditions of economic stability and well-being in their countries,

Reaffirming their faith in the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, and their desire to live in peace with all peoples and all governments,

Recognizing that they have the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense as affirmed in the Charter of the United Nations,

Considering that they have a common concern in the maintenance of international peace and security in the Far East,

Having resolved to conclude a treaty of mutual cooperation and security,

Therefore agree as follows:

ARTICLE I

The Parties undertake, as set forth in the Charter of the United Nations, to settle any international disputes in which they may be involved by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security and justice are not endangered and to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations. The Parties will endeavor in concert with other peace-loving countries to strengthen the United Nations so that its mission of maintaining international peace and security may be discharged more effectively.

ARTICLE II

The Parties will contribute toward the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening their free institutions, by bringing about a better understanding of the principles upon which these institutions are founded, and by promoting conditions of stability and well-being. They will seek to eliminate conflict in their international economic policies and will encourage economic collaboration between them.

ARTICLE III

The Parties, individually and in cooperation with each other, by means of continuous and effective self-help and mutual aid will maintain and develop, subject to their constitutional provisions, their capacities to resist armed attack.

ARTICLE IV

The Parties will consult together from time to time regarding the implementation of this Treaty, and, at the request of either Party, whenever the security of Japan or international peace and security in the Far East is threatened.

ARTICLE V

Each Party recognizes that an armed attack against either Party in the territories under the administration of Japan would be dangerous to its own peace and safety and declares that it would act to meet the common danger in accordance with its constitutional provisions and processes. Any such armed attack and all measures taken as a result thereof shall be immediately reported to the Security Council of the United Nations in accordance with the provisions of Article 51 of the Charter. Such measures shall be terminated when the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to restore and maintain international peace and security.

ARTICLE VI

For the purpose of contributing to the security of Japan and the maintenance of international peace and security in the Far East, the United States of America is granted the use by its land, air and naval forces of facilities and areas in Japan. The use of these facilities and areas as well as the status of United States armed forces in Japan shall be governed by a separate agreement, replacing the Administrative Agreement under Article III of the Security Treaty between Japan and the United States of America, signed at Tokyo on February 28, 1952, as amended, and by such other arrangements as may be agreed upon.

ARTICLE VII

This Treaty does not affect and shall not be interpreted as affecting in any way the rights and obligations of the Parties under the Charter of the United Nations or the responsibility of the United Nations for the maintenance of international peace and security.

ARTICLE VIII

This Treaty shall be ratified by Japan and the United States of America in accordance with their respective constitutional processes and will enter into force on the date on which the instruments of ratification thereof have been exchanged by them in Tokyo.

ARTICLE IX

The Security Treaty between Japan and the United States of America signed at the city of San Francisco on September 8, 1951 shall expire upon the entering into force of this Treaty.

ARTICLE X

This Treaty shall remain in force until in the opinion of the Governments of Japan and the United States of America there shall have come into force such United Nations arrangements as will satisfactorily provide for the maintenance of international peace and security in the Japan area. However, after the Treaty has been in force for ten years, either Party may give notice to the other Party of its intention to terminate the Treaty, in which case the Treaty shall terminate one year after such notice has been given.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned Plenipotentiaries have signed this Treaty.

DONE in duplicate at Washington in the Japanese and English languages, both equally authentic, this 19th day of January, 1960.

FOR JAPAN:

Nobusuke Kishi

Aiichiro Fujiyama

Mitsujiro Ishii

Tadashi Adachi

Koichiro Asakai

FOR THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:

Christian A. Herter

Douglas MacArthur 2nd

J. Graham Parsons

四、美日安保條約英文

五、美日安保條約全文

美日安保條約全文展現了日本與美國在戰後重建秩序中的核心合作框架,從和平原則、國際協力到共同防衛,逐條勾勒兩國如何在遠東維持穩定與安全,是理解1960年新版安保條約精神的重要基礎。

全文中文翻譯如下:

日本國與美利堅合眾國之間的相互協力及安全保障條約

日本國及美利堅合眾國,
希望強化兩國間傳統以來存在的和平及友好關係,並且擁護民主主義、個人自由及法治等原則,
希望進一步鼓勵兩國間更緊密的經濟合作,並且促進兩國經濟安定及福祉的條件,
重申對聯合國憲章的目的及原則的信念,以及與所有國民及政府和平相處的願望,
確認兩國擁有聯合國憲章所認定的個別或集體自衛的固有權利,
考量兩國對維持遠東的國際和平及安全具有共同關心,
決意訂定相互協力及安全保障條約,
因此同意以下條款:

第一條
締約國依照聯合國憲章的規定,應以不危及國際和平、安全及正義的手段,解決其可能涉及的任何國際紛爭,並且在國際關係中,應避免對於任何國家的領土完整或政治獨立,進行武力威脅或行使武力,或是採取任何與聯合國宗旨相反的其他手段。
締約國應與愛好和平的其他國家共同合作,以強化聯合國,使其能更有效地履行維持國際和平及安全的任務。

第二條
締約國應透過強化其自由制度,透過促進對這些制度的基礎原則的理解,以及透過促進安定及福祉的條件,為發展和平及友好的國際關係做出貢獻。締約國應尋求消除其國際經濟政策的衝突,並且鼓勵兩國間的經濟合作。

第三條
締約國應個別或相互合作,透過持續且有效的自助及相互援助,在遵循各自憲法規定的前提下,維持並發展其抵抗武力攻擊的能力。

第四條
締約國應隨時就本條約的實施進行協商,並且在締約國任何一方的要求下,於日本國的安全或遠東的國際和平及安全受到威脅時,進行協商。

第五條
締約國各方認知,對在日本國行政管轄下的領域任何一方發動的武力攻擊,都會危及自身的和平及安全,並且宣布將依照自身的憲法規定及程序,採取行動以應對共同的危險。
前述的武力攻擊及因其而採取的所有措施,應立即依照聯合國憲章第五十一條的規定,向聯合國安全理事會報告。該等措施於安全理事會已採取必要措施以恢復並維持國際和平及安全時,應停止。

第六條
為了對日本國的安全以及遠東的國際和平及安全做出貢獻,美利堅合眾國的陸、海、空軍被允許使用在日本國的設施及區域。
前述設施及區域的使用,以及美利堅合眾國駐日本國武裝部隊的地位,應由取代一九五二年二月二十八於東京簽署的《日本國與美利堅合眾國之間的安全保障條約基於第三條的行政協定》及其修訂的另一項協定,以及雙方可能同意的其他安排予以規範。

第七條
本條約對於締約國依照聯合國憲章所擁有的權利及義務,以及聯合國維持國際和平及安全的責任,不產生任何影響,亦不得被解釋為產生任何影響。

第八條
本條約應由日本國及美利堅合眾國依照各自憲法程序批准,並且於兩國於東京交換批准書之日生效。

第九條
一九五一年九月八於舊金山市簽署的《日本國與美利堅合眾國之間的安全保障條約》,於本條約生效時失效。

第十條
在日本國政府及美利堅合眾國政府認為聯合國的措施已能令人滿意地維持日本國地域的國際和平及安全之前,本條約持續有效。但是,在本條約生效十年後,締約國任何一方得將其廢止本條約的意思通知締約國另一方,在此情況下,本條約於該通知發出一年後廢止。

作為證據,下列全權委員已在本條約上簽名。

本條約以日文及英文繕製兩份,兩種語言版本同一作準,一九六零年一月十九日於華盛頓特區簽署。

代表日本國:

岸 信介
藤山 愛一郎
石井 光次郎
足立 正
朝海 浩一郎

代表美利堅合眾國:

克里斯汀·赫脫
道格拉斯·麥克阿瑟二世
約翰·葛拉翰·帕森斯

美日安保條約全文:1951年起的安全保障條約

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